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中国春秋中期青铜鼎
发布者:HKECAE 发布时间:2006/1/16

中国春秋中期青铜鼎

图示青铜鼎现藏于日本 (公元前770-476年 高31.1cm)

此鼎腹部上装饰S型鸟纹,兽蹄型足,鼎在西周后期演变成诸侯士大夫地位、等级的象征,不同地位持有不同数量的鼎。

继西周青铜器后,春秋战国时期是中国古代青铜器铸作的又一个高潮期,可分为春秋早期,中晚期至战国早期,战国中晚期3个阶段。春秋早期青铜器形制和组合与西周晚期基本相同,纹饰也沿袭西周的特点。这一阶段代表器物有山东黄县南埠出土的纪国媵器、河南三门峡上村岭出土的虢国青铜器、湖北京山苏家垅出土的曾国青铜器、山东烟台上夼出土的纪国青铜器、山东历城百草沟出土的鲁国媵器及湖北随县熊家老湾出土的曾国青铜器等。

春秋中期以后的青铜器以蟠螭纹的流行为标志,山西侯马所出的陶范和旧著录中的晋公等器物上都有细密的平面蟠螭纹。春秋晚期至战国早期,青铜器纹饰发展成浮雕状,繁复的镂空花纹则达到了东周时期青铜器制作的顶峰,代表器物有河南新郑铜器群,安徽寿县蔡侯墓铜器群,山西浑源李峪村铜器群以及辉县山彪镇和琉璃阁,河南淅川、长治分水岭,湖北随县擂鼓墩等地出土的铜器群等。到了战国中晚期,许多铜器都变成素面的,而且服御器、日用器大量增加。代表器物有长沙、寿县等地出土的楚器,陕县后川出土的魏器等。

春秋战国时期青铜器的主要特点是:1、列国器物大量出现。西周的有铭文青铜器属周王室和王臣制作的占大多数,诸侯国的为数甚少。到了春秋时期,王室、王臣的礼器几乎消失,代之而起的是列国诸侯、卿大夫甚至卿大夫家臣铸造的器物。这和当时王室衰微而诸侯、大夫及家臣势力不断壮大的形势相吻合。2、地域风格的形成。大体上呈现以三晋为中心的中原、以秦国为中心的西方和以楚国为中心的南方三足鼎立的格局。此外,北方、西南方、东南方等几处少数民族区域也各有其独特风格。3、各地区之间逐渐交流。例如吴越地区流行的细线云雷纹在楚地也时有发现,而原先用于北方的带钩也传播到了南方,从物质文化角度反映出东周时期走向统一的历史趋势。4、铸造技术的长足进步。器物制作方面主要体现在合范法铸造的高度发达、失蜡法的应用、模印法制范、镶嵌工艺的普遍流行,以及兵器的表面处理技术等。湖北大冶县铜绿山的矿井遗址体现了东周时代青铜冶铸业的巨大规模,反映出春秋战国时期生产力的提高。

 


 

Chinese Middle Spring and Autumn Period Bronze Ding Vessel

The Ding Vessel's abdomen is ornamented with S-shaped bird design, and its feet are animal-shaped. In late Western Zhou dynasty, dings have evolved into a symbol of status and stratum for vassals and scholar-bureaucrats. The number of dings depends on their statuses.

After Western Zhou Dynasty, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period have been another boom for bronze casting, and it can be divided into three periods: the early Spring and Autumn Period, the middle and late Spring and Autumn Period as well as the middle and late Warring States Period. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, the shape and combination of the bronze wares have been almost same as those in the late Western Zhou dynasty, so are the pattern. The representative wares of this stage are the bronze dowries of the Ji State unearthed in the South Port of Huang County in Shandong Province, the bronze wares of the Guo State unearthed in Shangcun Ling of Sanmen Xia in Henan Province, the bronze wares of the Zeng State unearthed in Sujialong of Jingshan County in Hubei Province, the bronze wares of the Ji State unearthed in Shangkuang Village of Yantai City in Shandong Province, the bronze dowries of the Lu State unearthed in Baicaogou Town of Licheng District in Shandong Province and the bronze wares of the Lu State unearthed in Xiongjialaowan of Sui County in Hubei Province etc.

After the middle Spring and Autumn Period, the bronze wares are symbolized with coiled serpent design, and the bronze wares such as the pottery moulds (unearthed in Houma City in Shanxin Province) and the Jingong Pot (recorded in the Old Record of Bronze Wares) all get fine coiled serpent design on the surface. From the late Spring and Autumn Period to the early Warring States Period, the design of the bronze wares has developed into embossment, and the complicated hollow-carved design has reached to the peak of bronze wares' workmanship. The representative wares are those bronze assemblages unearthed in different places and tombs, such as Xinzheng City in Henan, Liyu Village of Hunyuan County in Shanxi Province, Caihou Tomb of Shou County in Anhui Province, Shanbiaozhen tombs and Liulige tombs in Huixian City, Xichuan County and Changzhi City Watershed tombs in Henan Province and Leigu Mound of Sui County. During the middle and late Warring States Period, many bronzes are made without design on the surface, and the number of bronzes used for horse and carriage increases greatly. The representative bronzes are bronzes of the Chu State unearthed in Changsha City and Shou County, and bronzes of the Wei State unearthed in Houchuan in Shan County etc.

The main features of the bronze wares in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period are:

1. Emergence of vast bronzes of various states. In Western Zhou, the bronzes with inscription are mostly produced under the order of the Zhou royal court and the officials while few are made in vassal states. However, during the Spring and Autumn Period, the ritual vessels produced by the Zhou royal court and the officials have been almost disappeared, and instead, the bronzes casted under the order of the vassals, scholar-bureaucrats and even retainers of those scholar-bureaucrats largely increase, which is consistent with the situation at that time, namely, the royal court is on the wane while the influence of the vassals, scholar-bureaucrats and retainers is continuously enhancing.

2. The formation of the regional features. At that time, the situation presents a tripartite confrontation which consists of the Central Plain centered with Sanjin States (i.e. The Zhao State, the Han State and the Wei State), the west area centered with the Qin State and the south area centered with the Chu State. Besides, some minority nationality regions in the north area, the southwest area and the southeast area also respectively possess their own unique features.

3. Increasing exchanges among the regions. For example, the fine thread cloud and thunder design popular in Wu-Yue area sometimes can be discovered in the Chu State, and the belt hooks used in the south area are also introduced to the south area. This situation has reflects the historical trend that the various states have gradually been united during the East Zhou Period from the perspective of material culture.

4. Great improvement in casting technology. The improvement in workmanship is mainly embodied in the highly developed mud-made mould casting method, the application of lost wax method, mould-making by stamping method, popularity of the inlay workmanship and the surface processing technics of the arms. The mine site seated in Tonglv Mountain of Daye County in Hubei Province embodies the enormous scale of the bronze metallurgy industry in the East Zhou Period, and reflects the increased productivity in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.


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